Signal Processing Concepts and Engineering Insights. 


Explore signal processing concepts, algorithm comparisons, and practical engineering insights.
Topics include FFT vs STFT, FRF analysis, filtering techniques, and other signal processing methods used in real engineering workflows. 

What Are A-Weighting, B-Weighting, C-Weighting?

Overview

When measuring sound, we don’t just measure physical pressure.

We also want to reflect how humans actually hear sound.

However, human hearing is:

  • More sensitive to mid frequencies (≈ 2–5 kHz)
  • Less sensitive to very low and very high frequencies

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Frequency Weighting Curves

The most common ones are:

  • A-Weighting (dBA)
  • B-Weighting (dBB)
  • C-Weighting (dBC)

A,B,C-weighting curves

All weightings are normalized to 0 dB at 1 kHz


Why Weighting Is Needed

If we measure raw sound:

  • Low-frequency noise appears large
  • But humans may barely perceive it

Weighting adjusts measurements to match perceived loudness

 

A-Weighting

Characteristics

  • Strong attenuation at low frequencies
  • Mimics human hearing at low sound levels (~40 phon)

Usage

  • Environmental noise
  • Workplace noise
  • Regulations

Behavior

FrequencyEffect
Low (< 200 Hz)Strongly reduced
Mid (1 ~ 4 kHz)Emphasized
HighSlight reduction


B-Weighting

Characteristics

  • Moderate attenuation
  • Based on ~70 phon curve
  • Rarely used today, replaced by A and C weighting


C-Weighting

Characteristics

  • Almost flat response
  • Minimal attenuation

Usage

  • High-level noise
  • Low-frequency evaluation
  • Peak measurements


Comparison Summary

FeatureA-weightingB-weightingC-weighting
Curve TypeStrong filteringModerateNearly flat
Low FrequencyStrong attenuationModerateMinimal
Typical UseGeneral noiseRareHigh-level noise
Standard UnitdBAdBBdBC


When Should You Use Each?

ScenarioRecommended
Environmental noiseA-weighting
Human perceptionA-weighting
Low-frequency noiseC-weighting
Peak measurementsC-weighting
Historical referenceB-weighting


Key Takeaways

Weighting = Perception correction

  • A-weighting → what humans hear
  • C-weighting → what physically exists
  • B-weighting → mostly obsolete


Conclusion

A-, B-, and C-weighting curves bridge the gap between:

  • Physical sound
  • Human perception


Suggested Further Reading